Texas Government Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Texas Government - Assignment Example Likewise, the partisan elections tedious, and can cause straight ticket voting together with electing judges based on the familiarity of the names. The long ballots can be challenging for the voters because it is difficult for the electorate to follow up on the comprehensive lists of the candidates. Due to the aforementioned challenges in the partisan elections, it is significant for the Texas State to adopt a system in which the governor appoints the judges. The death penalty is immoral and expensive, and thus the Texas State should abolish the capital punishment. Newell, Prindle, and Riddlesperger argue that the expense of executing a criminal exceeds $ 2 million, and the punishment achieves nothing in terms of deterring the potential criminals in engaging in crime (340). Exploring the issue of the death penalty from the moral point, it is unethical and immoral to terminate the life of a person. The capital punishment degrades humanity, and inflicting death on persons does not necessarily control crimes. Therefore, it is important for the Texas State to explore other alternatives of punishing the wrongdoers instead of pursuing the death penalty. It is less costly for the Texas State to practice life imprisonment as opposed to the expensive capital punishment. Sentencing the convicted people to the life in prison without the possibility of parole is a plausible alternative. Such a sentence will enable the Texas State to reduce the many funds that tend to maintain the costly death penalty system. The nomination of the city candidates to run for the office in Texas State is essential in facilitating the electorates to know and analyze the ideologies of the individual candidate. In this respect, the Texas State should endeavor to practice partisan elections in which a political party nominates the candidates to run for the office. Newell,

Software engineering and implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Software engineering and implementation - Essay Example It has a close relationship with a large number of other disciplines such as mathematics, physics and computer sciences (ACM, Inc., 2006). Basically, software engineering provides a wide variety of principles, practices and tools for software engineers throughout the software development process. However, the software development process is followed through a software development life cycle. In this scenario, a software development life cycle is a conceptual framework or a map, which defines the stages of a software development process. Basically, a software development life cycle divides the software development process into a number of stages. Additionally, each stage of a software development life cycle is aimed at achieving a particular objective (Rouse, 2009). Up till now, a large number of software development process models have been developed taking into consideration the objectives of a particular software. For instance, waterfall process model, spiral model, iterative models, agile models and so on. Though, each software process model is based on a specific ideology. However, the basic objective of all the software process models is to support the software development process by dividing the development effort into a number of stages. In this scenario, each software development model divides the software development process into different stages such as: requirements analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation and maintenance. In addition, the execution of these stages depends on the requirements of a particular software (Kumar, Zadgaonkar, & Shukla, 2013). However, the execution of these stages flows in a sequence from upper to lower stage. This paper presents a detailed analysis of two most important stages of a traditional software development life cycle, these stages are: requirements analysis and software

Ethics Of Human Freedom Philosophy Essay

Ethics Of Human Freedom Philosophy Essay Throughout human history, freedom has been the most important and challenging aspiration to reach. Our forefathers fought for political freedom from the tyranny of occupiers, slaves fought for freedom and equality and women fought for freedom from their stereotypical household duties and their right to vote When asked to define what does freedom mean, people usually have a difficult time coming up with a concrete definition. The common answer of freedom means doing whatever I want, whenever I want generates many conflicting questions. What if ones free actions are harmful to others? Should he then still have the freedom to keep acting that way? Freedom is too abstract of an idea to be defined accurately and precisely. The notion that someone can be absolutely free is absurd. Most of the time, one persons freedom is another persons restriction. In western culture, philosophers have staked out two basic ways of thinking about freedom. The older kind, associated with what is called liberal thinking focuses on the political issues (of which property rights are a subset). In this view, you are free for expressing unpopular opinions, or criticizing government officials, or trying to take part in government yourself, or engaging in commerce, or pretty much doing as you please, so long as you dont hurt anyone. Many influential social thinkers in the 19th and 20th centuries thought that political freedom was not enough and therefore created the so called progressive idea of freedom. They advocated freedom from the tyranny of necessity. In this view, a person too hungry to work, or too poor to feed his or her family, is not really free. A rich person, in contrast, seems free to do many things that a poor person is unable to do. Freedom from hunger, freedom from disease, etc. necessitate a positive right to certain important things, such as food, shelter, and health care. Freedom is the absence of restraints according to the most common usage of the word worldwide. It actually encloses the four following types: 1. Physical freedom: the possibility for a person to go where he/she wants and do what he/she wants 2. Spiritual freedom: the privilege of being able to express ones thoughts or to live according to ones outlook 3. Natural freedom: the authority which enables a person to identify and to live with others of his/her people 4. State freedom: the ability of a person to live under a government of his/her choosing. Therefore, its undeniable that these types help clarifying the idea and the concept of freedom. Freedom is a magnificent word; not only because it covers all the abovementioned subdefinitions, but also because it represents the ultimate target of all human actions and sciences. According to Albert Einstein: All religions, arts and sciences are branches of the same tree. All these aspirations are directed toward ennobling mans life, lifting it from the sphere of mere physical existence and leading the individual towards freedom. Because of its wide range of notions, freedom, thus, is a relative experience. Few people think of freedom in very similar terms. To some, it is about political rights: the right to assemble, to free speech, to participate in government (vote, run for office), etc. To others, its all about property rights: to do with ones land and possessions. To others, freedom means freedom from hunger, or health fears, or other woes. To a few, freedom means total freedom to do anything in some cases limited only by other peoples freedom and in other cases limited only by the individuals will and ability to exercise power. Lets take for instance the American political life, the relativism is often described in terms of Economic Freedoms (issues like taxation, free trade and free enterprise) and Personal Freedoms (issues like drug legalization, abortion and draft); republicans support economic freedom more than personal freedom while democrats support personal freedom more than economic freedom. Freedom is no laughing matter since it can be really dangerous if not combined with the right kind of knowledge and with consciousness. For most of us, money is a means to freedom; if I have money, I have more freedom to do what I like. But in the pursuit of this freedom, I might forget the basic principles and limits predesigned b my conscious and get distracted by the glittering features of the means itself. At the present time, the struggle for freedom has turned into a sinister and melancholic path. Herein the question concerning the relativity of freedom is no longer questionable. In fact, the international political and social arena can provide us with some of the most suitable and expressive examples. For the Qaeda, freedom from the American imperialism can only be taken by force and by undertaking terrorist attacks against civilians. Unfortunately, the use of the word freedom has been nowadays over abused due to the lack of a deep and thorough comprehension of its true meaning. For instance the only meanings of freedom for teenagers is to go out freely, have a cool life and experience all the things that may seem ambiguous for them (drink alcohol, experience sex, try marijuana, etc) Many people claim to support freedom but the problem is that so few of them understand the true meaning of the word. Freedom is almost like everything else in this world; it is what we make of it. Hereafter, the true meaning of freedom for C. Wright Mills: Freedom is not merely the opportunity to do as one pleases; neither is it merely the opportunity to choose between set alternatives. Freedom is, first of all, the chance to formulate the available choices, to argue over them and then, the opportunity to choose.

A Chemist :: essays research papers

A Chemist Becoming a chemist takes a lot of hard work and discipline. One very importan aspect of being a chemist is English, Comunication is of the utter most importance (Murphy). As well as having good communication skills, you also need a lot of patience. However, there are many other qualities you will need such as an excellent learning ability and mathematical skills. You will also need to be able to preceive concepts or objects. Once you get into college you need to know what kind of degree to get in order to have a fulfilling and successful career. For most entry level jobs a BS degree is sufficient. However, for a college teaching job a Ph.D. is required (Choices). After obtaining a degree, your next step would be to find a job. According to Jerry Murphy, if you want an easy way into the chemistry field you need to know someone already in that occupation. For the most part in Missouri, employment is increasing. Nevertheless, if you are not restricted to finding a job in Missouri, in the United States a whole employment is expected to increase 21% (Choices). After finding a job in the chemistry field that you will enjoy another quesiton arises, money. On hte average if you begin working at a entry level job witha bachelors degree your salary will be somewhere around $24,000 a year. If you start work with a masters degree you can expect about $32,000 and with a Ph.D. as mcuh as $60,000 ("Chemists") Research and development is the subcareer most chemist choose. In this subfield your primary goal would be to look for and use information about chemicals ("Chemists"). A chemists also spends a considerable amount of time in an office where he/she stores information or reports about research he/she has made. There are two different types of research basic research and applied research. In basic research a chemists studies the qualities and what makes up matter. In applied chemistry a chemist uses information obtained from basic research and puts it to practical use ("Chemists"). Chemistry includes many other subfields some of these are analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, and physical chemistry. Analytical chemists ascertain the nature, structure, and composition of a substance.

Comparison Between Comercial Arable Farming in Canada and Guyana Essay

Commercial arable farming is a system of farming carried out on a very large scale, it is the extensive cultivation of usually one crop for sale in order for large profits (Monoculture). Some examples of crops that are associated with commercial arable farming are tobacco in Cuba, sugarcane in Barbados and Cotton in India. Guyana, a Caribbean territory located between Venezuela and Suriname in South America practices arable farming on a large scale. Their crop/product for export is lumber, simply because forests are the most abundant resource in Guyana. They cover about 80% of the country. These forests range from dry evergreen and seasonal forests to evergreen rainforests. These trees (which the lumber comes from) grow in the forests areas which are located mainly to the northwest of the territory where Guyana receives majority of its rainfall due to the ITCZ and other weather conditions. Some species of lumber produced by Guyana are; * Greenheart- used for the construction of houses, jetties, bridges etc. * Purpleheart- floors and ceilings * Wallaba- charcoal, firewood and electricity poles * Mora- houses * Crabwood- furniture * Balata- used in handicraft and golf balls. Commercial Arable farming in Guyana is very important. It comes with a lot of benefits for both the country and the people. Some benefits and importance of Guyana’s forest industry include; * Employment: Since the forest industry is progressing on such a large scale it creates a high demand for employment. Persons get jobs in that sector very easily with a descent pay. * Foreign exchange and contribution to the GDP: With a successful forest industry Guyana will get a steady flow of income contributing to the country’s GDP. Exports of lumber to other countries are plentiful bringing more revenue. Reduces soil erosion and landslides: with so many trees planted, Guyana will have less soil erosion due to heavy rainfall. The tree roots will hold the soil together. * Ecosystems: the forest areas of Guyana are home to many rear species of plants. These need be protected and cherished for years to come. * Medicines research and scientific study: scientists and herbalist are able to scrutinize plants to develop new medication and conduct indebt scientific study. * Improves water supply: Trees have been shown to influence the flow of water. Trees reduce topsoil erosion by catching precipitation with their leaf canopies. This lessens the force of storms and slows down water runoff which in turn ensures that our groundwater supplies are continually being replenished. * Linkage Industry: Other industries and businesses may rely on the forestry industry in order for their progression. In every industry there are challenges that are faced. Examples of challenges faced by the forestry industry in Guyana are: * Technology- lumbering companies are not technologically advanced so they use old technology. In order to address this more advanced tools and equipments should be introduced to improve efficiency. Manpower- the industry has a shortage of skilled workers with great knowledge on the tasks and forestry. To improve this training can be done to improve and expand employee’s knowledge. * Sustainability- steps should be taken to preserve and conserve the forest resources. Unfortunately Guyana lacks the data needed for proper forest management. * Over exploitation-An increasing global demand, logging is taking place more frequent than trees can grow. Good management strategies and farming techniques are essential to ensure that the industry progresses. Diseases-Good forest management, regular spraying is needed to minimize diseases. The Guyanese governments are unable to fund and undertake such measures. Canada  is a North American country consisting of 10 provinces and 3 territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It also practices arable farming. Canada’s main crop for export is Wheat. In the early 1900’s the Prairie Provinces of Canada became a major wheat producing area and later one of the largest wheat exporters in the world. The Prairie Provinces are located between British Columbia and Ontario. Extending from the USA border into the territories of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatwan. This is because Canada has the right conditions for growing this crop. Some of these conditions are flat undulating land and the climate which is 500mm of rainfall annually which is sufficient for the ripening of the grain. Canada exports wheat to places such as USA, Europe, South America and the Caribbean. The Importance of the Wheat Industry in Canada; * The country receives a great Income and revenue because of the large amount of wheat exported. Jobs are created in this sector working in planting, harvesting, processing and shipping of the wheat. Some challenges faces in the wheat industry include: 1. Pesticides 2. Herbicides these all harm the development of the wheat plant 3. Fungicides 4. fertilizers 5. Bad weather- hail storms, frost during long winters affect the wheat 6. Fluctuation in world prices- some years in the past there is over production and excess wheat causes prices to fall. The opposite happens when there is a shortage in wheat. 7. Technology- New equipments to enhance work power. To address these challenges plants need to be sprayed to keep away bugs and pests. Weather should be monitored carefully daily. New machinery should be used in convenience and sufficiently. As shown in the above data, Canada and Guyana are completely different when talking about arable farming. They have different products but the same concept. Meaning that they sell the raw material and it is processed somewhere else to make something different (Linkage Industry). Arable farming clearly brings in a large part in there economy and has a big part of the GDP. They share similar challenges like technology.

Movie Review: Water Essay

Deepa Mehta’s movie entitled â€Å"Water† is a depiction of women and religion strugle within the culture of India. The characters in this story provided an attempt to justify the significance of women and religion to their society. The water in this movie played an important role into the characterization of the personas. It shows the main character’s personality and the being as the story progresses. However, it was not a just a simple of womanhood but a sturcture of a childhood persona. The main character is a young woman with a dead husband at the age of 8 years old. The writer and director of this film, generalized the concept of oppression towards women identity and struggle. Mehta wanted to justify the clashes between the concept of being a woman and the way on how women perceived religion. It was seen that the main character chose her family rather than the religion that she has. The whole story focused its attention on the culture and tradition of India when it comes to women and religion. Even if the director used different images and symbols that tackles the issues of the society, she still stands towards the issue of women especially on how religion perceived their character as part of the society. It is a dramatization of fear, anger, and dilemma of the main character towards her environnment. She is full of struggle throughout the movie that gave her the capability tp stand towards her beliefs. However, despite of her conviction when it comes to her social issues, personal problems occured within her especially financial circumstances. In conclusion to this, the whole story is simple but made a dramatic construction of the issues that are needed to obtain. At the end of the story, there is no concrete solution within the main persona and all her existing conflicts in life. Nevertheless, the writer and director discussed all the relevant issues that are connected to the main conflict as a way of justifying the thoughts and angst of the moral society. Reference Mehta, D. â€Å"Water†

50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)

50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix) 50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix) 50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix) By Mark Nichol Who knew there were this many ways to alter a word to connote belittlement or affection, or merely diminishment in size? Now, you do. Here’s a big list of little affixes: 1. -aster: This generally pejorative suffix denoting resemblance was common a couple hundred years ago but is rare today; the only well-known surviving instance is poetaster, a word describing an inferior poet. 2. -cule: This ending, sometimes with the letter c omitted, is common in medical and scientific vocabulary. Capsule and molecule are common examples; animalcule, referring to minute organisms such as bacteria, is rare in lay usage. 3. -culus: This direct borrowing from Latin is rarer than its Frenchified counterpart; calculus is perhaps the best-known form, though homunculus (â€Å"little man†) is an interesting example. 4. -el: This unassuming French diminutive appears frequently in ordinary language: chapel and tunnel are only two of many examples. 5-6. -ella, -ello: The feminine form of this Italian suffix is best known as part of Cinderella’s name; among objects, novella is perhaps the most familiar usage. When appended to a person’s name, -ella is often used in forming the scientific name of a species of bacteria, as in salmonella (the legacy of one D. E. Salmon). The masculine form is seen in bordello. 7. -elle: This rare suffix occurs in organelle. 8. -en: This suffix denotes a small or young form, as in kitten, though chicken is a reverse example: Originally, in Old English (as cicen), the term for adults was fowl, and chicken denoted a young bird. It also refers what something is made of, as in woolen. 9. -erel: As with -rel, words ending in -erel are sometimes pejorative, as in doggerel. 10. -ers: This diminutive does not literally suggest a reduction in size; it’s employed in coining slang such as bonkers and preggers. 11. -ster: This diminutive refers to a person who does or is what the root word indicates: gangster (and bankster, the recently coined sardonic extension in reaction to the perceived criminality of large banks), youngster. 12-13. -et, -ette: The masculine form of this French diminutive appears in such ubiquitous words as faucet and wallet. The feminine form of -et, more common in English than the masculine form, is seen in words such as cigarette and kitchenette. 14-15. -etto, -etti: The singular and plural Italian equivalents of -et are evident in borrowings from that language such as amaretto and spaghetti. 16. -ie: Words with this suffix are from English (as in doggie), Scottish (for example, laddie), or Dutch (such as cookie), or are diminutives of personal names, as in Charlie. 17. -il: Words ending in -il, such as codicil and pencil, came to English from Latin through French. 18-19. -illa, -illo: This Spanish diminutive appears in such words as vanilla and cigarillo. 20-21. -illus, -illi: This Latin form is rare, confined in usage to bacillus/bacilli and lapillus/lapilli. 22. -ine: This French diminutive is on display in figurine, tambourine, and the like. Sometimes, as with linguine, words so appended derive from Italian. 23-25. -ina, -ino -ini: These feminine and masculine forms, of Italian or Spanish origin, are shown in marina, palomino, and many other words. The plural form, -ini, is mostly associated with food: panini, zucchini. 26. -ing: This English diminutive generally appears in references to fractions or parts, as in farthing or tithing. 27. -ish: This suffix can be added to almost any noun to create an adjective noting the connection or similarity of one thing to another: English, greenish. 28-29. -ita, -ito: Spanish words including the feminine form -ita (such as fajita) and -ito (burrito, for example) have been borrowed into English. 30. -kin: This Dutch diminutive is usually found in obscure words like cannikin, but napkin survives in general usage; mannequin, more common than the Dutch-derived manikin, is the only French derivation to be used widely in English. The plural form is often attached to given names to form an affectionate diminutive: Mollykins, for example. 31. -le: Words with this ending can either be of Latin origin (such as article or particle which, like particular, stems from particula) or from Middle English (bundle, puddle). 32–33. -let, -lette: These forms, respectively indirectly and directly borrowed from French, are seen, for example, in booklet and roulette; omelet was formerly written as omelette. 34. -ling: Words formed with this diminutive are generally but not exclusively affectionate: darling, duckling, but underling. 35. -o: This diminutive can be endearing or belittling: kiddo, wacko. 36. -ock: This form from Old English is best know in the plural usage buttocks, but it’s also recognizable in hillock, mattock, and other words. 37. -ola: This artificial suffix is seen in slang (payola) or current or former brand names (respectively, Victrola and granola or pianola). 38. -ole: This rare French suffix appears in casserole. 39-40. -olo, -oli: Piccolo, borrowed from Italian by way of French, is a double diminutive, because the root word means â€Å"little†; ravioli includes a plural form of -olo. 41. -olus: This Latin diminutive shows up in scientific terminology from Latin, such as nucleolus. 42-43. -ot, -otte(s): These French endings are rare in common nouns (harlot, culottes) but are seen in given names like Charlotte and Margot. 44. -rel: This more common variant of -erel is often but not always pejorative: mongrel and scoundrel, but not kestrel. 45-46. -sie(s) or -sy: The first variant of this baby-talk slang is found, for example, in footsie and onesies, while the second appears in teensy-weensy and the like and names like Betsy. 47. -ula: This Latin suffix shows up in formula, spatula, and other words. 48. -ule: This diminutive, found in granule, nodule, and other words, comes directly from Latin or indirectly from it through French. 49. -ulum: This Latin suffix appears in such words as pabulum and pendulum. 50. -y: This form, with doubling of the preceding letter, is seen both in diminutives of given names, such as Bobby and Patty, and in words like puppy and mommy. In addition, the flexible prefix mini- is easily attached to any existing word, such as in miniskirt, minivan, and so on. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†Driver License vs. Driver’s LicensePrepositions to Die With

buy custom The Life of People with Disabilities essay

buy custom The Life of People with Disabilities essay People perceive them as different/abnormal. For instance, they refer to them with sharp, short names such as A.D.D, autistic, hyper. They think that people with disabilities are not knowledgeable enough; that they do not even such basic tasks as reciting ABCs, count one to five or even be able to play with other children of their age. Their parents see them as normal kids, but not the people surrounding them (Irish Center). Robinson (2003) says that people tend to view those with disabilities as needing pity. When I watched, read and listened from this module, my initial feelings were composed of pity. My perception was that they need special attention; that they cannot be included in the same programs as others. Initially, I thought that these peoples lives were hard and that they were tasking to their families. Since some are blind, others cannot walk, others do no hear and are autistic, I tended to think that they could not be of much help; rather they would require mch from those without disabilities. Did the initial thoughts and perceptions you had at the beginning change after completing the module? However, after going through the module, I was convinced otherwise. The observations I made on the experiences of those people do not entirely agree with this negative view. I found out that a person with a disability does not necessarily have to be a beggar, ill nor unable. For instance, there are various people with different disabilities featured in the module. Andrea Bocelli is blind, but has a Doctorate of Law and is a reputable musician with several awards for his title; there is a teenager with Down syndrome celebrating a golf shot; a guitarist with no arms and many more cases (Irish Center). This shows that they are just normal like any other person; they have talents like we do and are bright too. They are able to support their own lives and those of others. Additionally, it was evident that there are certain religious and ethnic perspectives influence peoples views both positively or negatively regarding those with disabilities. However, if people in various professions lea rnt to engage them as normal students, patients or employees, they would fit appropriately. Share at least one strategy for fostering an inclusive environment in your classroom. One strategy that can be used for fostering an inclusive environment in class is using inclusive language; and the appropriate modes of address; and discouraging classroom incivilities. One can achieve this by celebrating the similarities, while, at the same time, discovering the differences between students. Support accessibility of computer and other information technologies as methods of interaction between lecturer and students. Also, one should provide students with opportunities to interact informally with him . Establishing ground rules for good classroom conduct are essential to protect insensitivity and cultural exclusion (Barker M). Buy custom The Life of People with Disabilities essay

How to Format a Book 7 Money-Sucking Book Format Mistakes to Avoid

How to Format a Book 7 Money-Sucking Book Format Mistakes to Avoid How to Format a Book: 7 Money-Sucking Book Format Mistakes to Avoid Self-publishinghas changed everything.Before, you were at the mercy of your publisher on how your book format looked, but today, you have control over this entire process.In fact, you have the final say over everything in your finished manuscript is displayed. Therefore, knowing the proper book format you need is crucial. And with great power comes great responsibility.If youre not careful, you may end up with a sloppy and messy manuscript that an editor will refuse to work on until you tidy it up.Or worse, your audience will slam your book with negative reviews because you published it riddled with errors.An unprofessionallooking book will not only distract readers, it will harm your brand and label you as an amateur, affecting the sales of future books as wellas your current one.Your completed self-published book should convey professionalism in all aspects including with its book format.7 Money-Sucking Book Format MistakesThere are over a hundred things that can go wrong with you r book formatting, and if we wrote about all of them youd be reading from sun-up till sun-down. But fear not!From our experience, most authors make the same mistakes when with their book format.In this article, you’re going to learn what the most common book formatting errors and how to avoid them. By avoiding these mistakes, not only will you have a professional looking manuscript, but youll make the process of designing your book to publish on Amazons Kindle or in print via CreateSpace a lot easier.If you have a completed manuscript with botched book formatting on your hands, this article will teach you how to fix it using Microsoft Word.(A quick note: its possible to do many of the fixes in Google Docs, however, Word has a more comprehensive set of features, so its better to use that when formatting your complete manuscript.)NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Lea rn more about it here#1 Avoid Hard Indents in Your Book FormatA hard indent is when paragraph indentations are created by manual use of the keyboard’s Tab key.Many of us learned how to type using the Tab key to create an indent at the start of each paragraph, so this can be a tough habit to break.When it comes to book formatting, use of the Tab key is a no-no, because it results in an indent that’s far larger than you need.With fiction book formatting, you want to have just a small indent at the start of each paragraph. If your book is non-fiction, generally speaking, you want to use block paragraphs rather than indents, unless your book is a memoir or historical fiction. (More on that in tip #2.) If your book is fiction, you may be wondering how to create paragraphs without the Tab key. The fix is simple: In MS Word, set the Paragraph settings to automatically create indentations for the first line in each paragraph.This simple auto fix will make creating your book fo rmat way easier. In Word 2016, on both Mac Windows, to get to Paragraph settings, click the Paragraphdialog box launcher on the Homeor Layouttab. Then on the Indents and Spacingtab, go to the box under Special and click on First line. You can change the size of the indent using the box to the right. If you’re wondering how big to make your indents, my advice is to pull your favorite book off the shelf, open it up, and take a peek. How big are the paragraph indents?Experiment with making yours larger or smaller, printing out the page, and comparing them to the book in your hand.But what if your 535-page tome has already been drafted, using the dreaded Tab key for each and every paragraph? No need to set fire to your laptop!Here’s what to do to clean it up:Use Find and Replace (Ctrl+H or Control+H or here’s how to find it in Word 2016 on Macand on Windows.)Enter ^t in the Find (This will help you find every â€Å"Tab† in the document.)Leave the Replace fi eld blank.Hit Replace All.Going forward, set your Paragraph settings so that you don’t have to remove hard indents again. Presto!You now have a much prettier, easier-to-convert document through the magic of technology that will make your book format much more professional-looking.#2 Indentation vs. Block ParagraphsWorks of non-fiction today typically don’t use indentation, except for some notable exceptions we will discuss momentarily. Rather, a popular book format for modern non-fiction is the block paragraph.What’s a block paragraph? A block paragraph doesn’t have indentation on the opening line, but instead uses a horizontal line of white space beneath each paragraph. This helps to delineate the separation between paragraphs. For instance, I used block paragraphs in my latest bookPublished., which looks like this:The reasoning behind whether you should use indentation vs. block paragraphs is this: in works where one thought should flow smoothly into t he next, such as in a novel, paragraph indentations are used with no line spacing between paragraphs.But in books where complicated information is being consumed, having a single line space between paragraphs aids the brain in processing one piece of information before moving on to the next.Here is an example from a fiction novel, The Saviors Champion by full-time, self-published author Jenna Moreci of what it looks like to use indents instead of block paragraphs:An exception to the block paragraph for non-fiction/indents for fiction guideline:non-fiction narratives,such as a memoiror historical fiction, should use the same indent style described above in tip #1.In non-fiction works where some information should flow, and other sections require more brain power to comprehend, some authors decide to mix formatting types and use indentation where appropriate and block paragraphs where useful.But in general, to avoid confusing the reader and to make your book look uniform, clean, and a s if you didn’t make a book formatting error, it’s best to choose one style or the other and stick with it throughout your book.However, if you insist on getting crazy and mixing it up, knowing how andwhen to use block paragraphsversus when to indent results in a more professional manuscript.#3 Avoid Double Spaces After PeriodsHere’s the truth: Two spaces after a period iswrong. Period. (Ha!) Just as with the good old-fashioned Tab key indent, two spaces after a period may have been the norm back when you were learning to type.This is because, with typewriters, characters were all the same width, so the two-space rule allowed for greater readability. With modern computer fonts, the characters all fit closer together in a proportional fashion, thereby eradicating the need for that one additional space.Most major style guides- including theChicago Manual of Style, which is used by traditional publishers- now formally recognize the more modern single-space rule.Fr om an aesthetics angle, one space looks neater, which your readers’ eyes will appreciate. Before you convert your manuscript, change all double spaces to single spaces. The result will be a better formatted, stylistically correct book.You’re going to use that super handy â€Å"Find and Replace† function again:Enter two spaces in the Find (This will help you find every double space in the document.)Enter a single space into the Replace field.Hit Replace All.Voila! Like magic.#4 Be Cautious with HyphensImproper hyphenation is a common error that may be harder to stay on top of because the rules of hyphenation differ depending on the grammatical situation.So when it comes to your book format, youll have to do some research.Generally, keep these three rules in mind while you write so youll have to do less work when its time for book formatting:Two or more words that, together, function as an adjective are joined with a hyphen. For example, dark-pink skirt or two-wa y street.Two words or more that form a number are joined with a hyphen. For example, twenty-one.Compound words, which are two words that are joined together to make a single word, donotrequire a hyphen. For example, toothbrush or starfish.Two or more separate words that are used as a single word or idea. For example, action-grabbing, top-notch, or larger-than-life.When in doubt, look it up! For a more detailed treatment of the hyphen, here is an important source to consider:Elements of Style.#5 Know When to Use Quotes vs. an ApostropheFew things scream â€Å"new writer† like a book formatted with punctuation errors. You want to make sure you’re usingquotes and apostrophescorrectly so you don’t lose credibility with your readers.When to use quotes in your book format:When you’re quoting someone, use quotes! This means either a person is speaking- like in fiction- or you are borrowing material verbatim from another source, like in non-fiction.Use of quotes is rarely needed for common expressions.Ironic terms can be set off in quotes.Overuse of quotes can get annoying, so be judicious in their application.When to use apostrophes:Use an apostrophe for possessive form (except the word its.) For example: The cat’s toys are blue.Use an apostrophe for contractions, such as it is. For example: The cat’s playing with its toys. It’s a happy cat.Avoid using an apostrophe for plural forms. For example: Five cats ran past her.Again, the rules can be complicated, such as when to use an apostrophe when dealing with an acronym, so when in doubt,look it up.#6 Be Careful When Using the Enter KeyThere are many times in your book youll want to go to a new page or to create a blank page.This is simple right? Hit enter a few times, and presto, youve got a new page.Wrong.Using paragraph breaks, or hitting enter to create a new page can createmanyproblems when it comes to getting your manuscript ready to publish.For instance, you or y our book designer will need to change your page size or page setup according to the book size and style youve chosen. Using paragraph breaks will create extra space where none is needed and will change the page layouts of your book, making your book look ugly.If youre wondering why after you change your paper size, your chapter headings are no longer at the top of the page, but halfway down, it was because of your liberal use of paragraph breaks.Instead, use the page break function. This instantly creates a new page, and it remains a new page even when youve changed the page size, page layout, or added more content above. On Microsoft Word, this can be done by pressing Ctrl+Enter (Windows) or Cmd+Enter (Mac).You can also find it in the ribbon in Word. Google Docs also has this feature. In Word 2016 go to Insert Page Break In Google Docs go to Insert Break Page Break#7 Use the Styles Feature Instead of Formatting YourselfStop formatting your chapter titles yourself. Many writers indicate a title or subtitle by simply changing the font size and changing the font from the default font (ah,Times New Roman, how we miss you) and thinking their job is done.This makes navigating and formatting your book a pain.What you want to do is use MSWords Styles feature. Google Docs also has this feature. In Word 2016, you can find the Styles section under the Home tab on both Mac Windows.In Google Docs the styles section can be found by clicking the box between the zoom level and the font type.When creating a new chapter, highlight the chapter heading, and then make it a header by applying the relevant style. If its the main heading make it Heading 1, if its a subtitle make it Heading 2, etc.This has the added benefit of allowing you to easily automatically create a table of contents page, or to navigate through your 30,000-word manuscript with Words navigation pane, while also making your book format look professional.You Need a Proper Book FormatWithout question you want your book to stand out because of its invaluable content, stunning tone of voice, and laser targeted towards your audience.However, don’t let your book formatting or grammatical errors get in the way of your book’s success. If youve written your book, and are ready to get it published, follow the guide you just read to make sure your manuscript isnt full of errors.For tips on how to format your book for Kindle, its best to follow Amazons comprehensive guideon the matter. It will help you design your title page on a different first page, your copyright page, trimming to the correct paper size, and the million other things you need to do to get your book ready for print.Your Next StepsThirty years ago, it would have been impossible to publish a book yourself. Today you have all the tools you need to produce a flawless manuscript.Take the time to review your book- and hire an editorand a book designer- to make sure your book formatting is perfectly professional.If youre ready to polish your book format and move on in the publishing process, heres what you can do next.#1 Join your free training!Its not enough to put together a pretty book. You also have to know what to do once youre done and how to go about making itsell! Thats where we come in.

The Kiss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Kiss - Essay Example She sees his continuation of desire as a weakness, her ability to pull away a sign of strength. Therefore, she views him with pity, her own strength giving her a feeling of superiority. She has discovered that the experience was not overwhelming, that she could maintain her own control during the event and that within this she has conquered her own thoughts about the possibility of having the imposition of desire. She says â€Å"she was pleased to discover that it was an unexceptional experience†, thus she finds that the experience did not affect her in such a way that she would become a victim of it (Perkins and Perkins 2539). As she turns away, her reminiscent comments suggest that she has had a profound moment, but not through the sensuality of the kiss, but through the realization that she is immune to the intent of the kiss. Her power is in not giving into her desire, her control through her detachment. Thus, she now knows how to remain in power and in control. Works Cite d Perkins, George, and Barbara Perkins, editors. The American Tradition in Literature, Volume II, 12th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007

Tata Nano Cross Culture Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tata Nano Cross Culture Marketing - Essay Example The focus of the case study is on the Tata Ultra-Low Cost Car. The Tata Nano is a small car targeting the lower echelons in the society. The product has several distinct features such as size, engine size, design and speed. The car borrows from the principles used in the production of the Volkswagen Beetle and the British Mini popular with the Mr. Bean films. In all cases, the cars were produced to meet a certain market segment and increase the ease of acquisitions. The performance and efficiency of the cars may not be compared to other luxurious cars, but the main goal of the cars is to reduce cost of purchase, as well as maintenance (Hollensen, 2007, p. 287). The car has registered mixed fortunes in the market since it was officially launched into the market. The marketing of the product may be the weak link, but there are still other improvements to be implemented in the product to succeed. Additionally, the product will face stiff competition from Bajaj motors who also intend to produce fuel efficient cars that fit in the same category as the Tata Nano. Market Segmentation for Tata Nano Market segmentation is the process of dividing the market using a certain way in order to target a certain set of buyers or consumers. In the past, most companies employed mass marketing with the exception of the motor vehicle industry which initially targeted the rich, but later covered the middle class and the current trend are to incorporate the low end earners (Sandhusen, 2000, p. 34). To incorporate them, Tata Motors produced the Tata Nano. Tata Nano is nicknamed the â€Å"people’s car† based on the specification and performance stipulated by the company. The cars were rolled into the market in 2006 with the Nano have different specifications (Beverly and Thomson, 2011, p. 67). The four-door Nano is over 10 feet long and nearly five feet wide. The size indicates the targeted market segment because the bigger the size the higher the cost of the vehicle. In addition, it is powered by a 623cc two cylinder engine as compared to the standard four cylinder engines. The reduction in the cylinder numbers is to reduce fuel consumption. In the process of reducing the fuel consumption, other features are eliminated. The maximum speed of the car is 65 miles per hour, which is slightly slower compared to luxury cars. The location of the wheels of the vehicle at the extreme ends improves the handling. It has a small trunk for load carriage (Allen, 2010, p. 89). The product design ensures cost of production is reduced while ensuring that the needs of the customers are met. The product targets the low end users in India which has several challenges (Cleland and Ireland, 2006, p. 45). India is marked with a serious challenge in terms of transportation because of the increased traffic snarl ups and jams. These traffic jams leads to loss of fuel and affects people's wealth. The production of the Nano ensures easy transportation and lower cost even in t raffic jams due to the low consumption associated with the car. The lower echelons in the society have already been targeted by other companies such as the production of the Maruti 800 by the Maruti Udyog Ltd. The Nano has distinct advantages over the Maruti 800 because of the seating space, luggage space and cost. The product’s target market of the middle class and low echelons in the society must be evaluated to obtain brand association. The middle class in India cannot be

Is it important for society to try to save languages that are in Essay

Is it important for society to try to save languages that are in danger of disappearing Should governments create laws to encourage the protection of endangered languages - Essay Example It is very important for the society to preserve their languages. This is because it encourages the growth of culture and social progress. The steps taken to promote the propagation of native languages to encourage the linguistic diversity and the cultural traditions in the world, which inspires solidarity based on understanding, indulgence, and discourse. Most of these languages under threat of extinction are due to powerful languages such as English, French, Spanish, and German. Languages are the most important tools of communication. They help reflect the view of the world according to the different communities that speak marginalized languages. They are also tools of value systems and of cultural expressions. Languages contribute as the dominant factor that gives identity to various communities, groups, and individuals (Zrioka, 2012). Despite the increased importance of technology, it has also contributed to extinction of language. The age of cyberspace and digitalization has con tributed a lot towards the extension of these languages. This is because the use of powerful language like English has dominated the education system in many countries. It has made the young people to try to learn it for a better career (Council of Europe, 2010). The governments should create laws to encourage the protection of endangered languages. This can be done by setting up of a native language day. This will encourage the societies to maintain their cultures and traditions and strengthen the unity and cohesion of societies. Secondly, the government can protect the use of this language through the enacting Minority Language Protection laws. Protection laws will encourage the use of minority languages in various departments of the government. The Minority Language Protection laws should aim at encouraging training of interested people to use their native languages. This can be done by encouraging the training of native languages in government schools

Business Operation Training Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Operation Training - Research Paper Example In essence, a vision statement indicates the future of the company while a mission statement demonstrates ways of achieving a predetermined future. A vision statement answers the questions ‘what,’ when,’ and ‘why’ whereas a mission statement answers the questions ‘how’ and the impact (Sabrautzki, 2010).   Henry Ford Health System has a simple vision statement that has one aim, which is to enhance the health of people. Its mission statements provide avenues through which the organization will achieve its vision. It entails transforming individual health of people in order to improve the overall health of society. On the other hand, The Coca-Cola Company has vision and mission statements that are more elaborate. In essence, the Coca-Cola Company has three objectives in its mission statement that will fulfill vision, which revolves around stakeholder satisfaction, high productivity, and betterment of the world. Fundamentally, the vision statements of the two companies are geared towards enhancing the lives of people across the globe although the Coca-Cola Company has a vision statement that transcends beyond its boundaries. Both business strategy and business model enable an organization to formulate the best ways of working towards its goals in order to gain competitive advantage in the market. Although they sound, the same, the two business terms differ in their applications and purpose. For example, the main purpose of a business strategy is to ensure that an organization achieves its long-term plans. On the other hand, a business model has the sole purpose of generating revenue for an organization and making sure that its profitability continues to rise (Mathur,  Mathur,  S. & Kenyon, 2012). Unlike a business model that is concerned with profitability issues, a business strategy deals majorly with the key resource issues. For example, an organization can adopt a strategy that will enable it to expand through the establishment of a new

Deep sea exploration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Deep sea exploration - Essay Example This scientific act can be seen as good or bad depending on the perspective of an individual. From the beneficial point of view, deep-sea exploration can enhance human life on the planet through revelation of new sources of drugs, food, energy resources. The information from the deep-sea exploration can help foretell earthquakes and tsunamis and help scientist to understand how these affects change of on climate and human life as a whole. On the other hand, it can be seen as a threat to human life in the following ways: ocean acidification and atmospheric ozone depletion. Species like sponges normally have chemicals compounds that they use for defense purposes when they are under attack. These chemicals have very essential components that may of great use in the manufacture of new medical drugs (pg 20). These drugs can cure for various diseases such as heart diseases, cancer, asthma and arthritis, which are the most killing diseases in the world. This species are proving to be of very importance to the health of the humankind as indeed the cure of all this diseases can increase an individual’s ability to live longer hence contributing one way or another to the positive development of the whole world (Koslow, J2009). Scientists have for long tried to discover new pharmaceuticals for various diseases, which have made them to spend a lot of time and resources, and sometimes ending in the total disappointment. If they encourage deep -sea exploration then there are no doubts that they will reap so many benefits from it according to the studies (Kos low, J2009). Deep-sea exploration can also improve ocean literacy and inspire new carriers to the growing population of the youths. These carriers may include engineering and mathematics. Deep-sea exploration creates adventurous discoveries that the youths find to more exciting to be part of. The urge to discover new ideas concerning the deep sea has provided the basic knowledge for problem

Should tablet computer replace the traditional Textbook Essay

Should tablet computer replace the traditional Textbook - Essay Example It is time globalization provided something positive to one of the internationally universal sector, academic (Reiss, 2013). Computer tablets are built to increase the efficiency of individual users. With respect to the amount of positive work they can accomplish, it is clear that their prices and usefulness provide a reasonable cost benefit tradeoff. On the other hand, the cumulative cost of all the textbooks needed for completing a course is high which makes the use of e-books cheaper. Although piracy is a crime in the US, the use of computer tablets enables different members of the academic sector to share the academic resources they have. For online courses, tuition fees paid to institutions allows students to have access to online library. With computer tablet, it is economical to access the virtual libraries rather than buying from online vendors (Rock, 2014). Being a student means being able to take notes, solve math problems, erase some errors from written text, draw in art class, and perform complex statistical analysis as coursework. All these activities require the student to have pens, pencils, calculators, and computers. Using a computer tablet combines all these factors together ensuring that the student spends less. Another reason as to why traditional textbooks should be replaced with computer tablets is because the production of textbooks involves the destruction of vegetation cover which suppresses the economy even further. Carrying heavy back packs has been associated with back issues such as injuries and lifelong complications. Carrying textbooks to and from school is an activity that largely contributes to back issues. However, the use of computer tablets resolves the issues associated with carrying heavy textbooks. Due to the small size and standard weight of 1 to 2 pounds makes tablet computers suitable for cutting back on back health issues (Tablets-Textbooks, 2014). In

Deep sea exploration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Deep sea exploration - Essay Example This scientific act can be seen as good or bad depending on the perspective of an individual. From the beneficial point of view, deep-sea exploration can enhance human life on the planet through revelation of new sources of drugs, food, energy resources. The information from the deep-sea exploration can help foretell earthquakes and tsunamis and help scientist to understand how these affects change of on climate and human life as a whole. On the other hand, it can be seen as a threat to human life in the following ways: ocean acidification and atmospheric ozone depletion. Species like sponges normally have chemicals compounds that they use for defense purposes when they are under attack. These chemicals have very essential components that may of great use in the manufacture of new medical drugs (pg 20). These drugs can cure for various diseases such as heart diseases, cancer, asthma and arthritis, which are the most killing diseases in the world. This species are proving to be of very importance to the health of the humankind as indeed the cure of all this diseases can increase an individual’s ability to live longer hence contributing one way or another to the positive development of the whole world (Koslow, J2009). Scientists have for long tried to discover new pharmaceuticals for various diseases, which have made them to spend a lot of time and resources, and sometimes ending in the total disappointment. If they encourage deep -sea exploration then there are no doubts that they will reap so many benefits from it according to the studies (Kos low, J2009). Deep-sea exploration can also improve ocean literacy and inspire new carriers to the growing population of the youths. These carriers may include engineering and mathematics. Deep-sea exploration creates adventurous discoveries that the youths find to more exciting to be part of. The urge to discover new ideas concerning the deep sea has provided the basic knowledge for problem

Use of Logic Essay Example for Free

Use of Logic Essay Logic plays a big role in our society today. In fact logic has played a big role in the advancement of civilization. There are many forms of logic and many different applications that go along with them. Logic seeks out the truth in statements through deduction and reasoning. Using logic one can test the validity of a statement just by understanding the format and the content of an argument. Logic is considered to be the science of reasoning and is mathematically inspired as it seeks an answer. Logic is not considered scientifically sound unless it is based off true premises. Sense logic is based off form it is safe to say that it is formal science. Logic is said to have historically originated from the Ancient Greek Philosopher Aristotle. Using the teaching of universal definition from Socrates, Aristotle devised a logical system. â€Å"Aristotle holds that a proposition is a complex involving two terms, a subject and a predicate, each of which is represented grammatically with a noun. The logical form of a proposition is determined by its quantity and by it quality.†(King, Peter, and Stewart Shapiro. THE HISTORY OF LOGIC). Through investigation of the relationship the two terms shared Aristotle theorized that if in certain form one could determine the validity of an argument. â€Å"Logic was further developed and systematized by the Stoics and by the medieval scholastic philosophers. In the late 19th and 20th centuries, logic saw explosive growth, which has continued up to the present.† (Drakos, Nikos, and Ross Moore. Logic and Mathematics). Logic is very useful when debating. â€Å"If engaged in properly, Philosophical arguments can open minds. It can rid us of ignorance and the evils of blind prejudices† (Falikowski, Anthony F. 128). From studying and understanding logic one can pick apart arguments. Just from the form and content of the argument its validity can be assessed. Not only is this useful when arguing as you judge the strength of someone else’s argument it can also benefit your own argument. Through logic you can see the flaws and weaknesses of your own argument. Then by reflecting on your own thoughts one can make their argument stand on their own if it is truly valid. Deductive logic is a form of logic and its more popular subdivision has been given standardized names: modus ponens, modus tollens, and syllogisms. Modus ponens is where you affirm the consequent by affirming the antecedent (If p, then q. p. therefore q.). Modus tollens is actually the opposite of modus ponens. Modus tollens is where the antecedent is denied through denying the consequent (If p, then q. Not q. Therefore not p.). Syllogisms on the other hand are not as concrete as the previous forms. The subdivisions of syllogisms but not limited to: hypothetical syllogisms, disjunctive syllogisms, categorical syllogisms, and practical syllogisms. â€Å"An extremely important form of deductive argument often used in philosophical debate is the syllogism which involve practical value reasoning† (Falikowski, Anthony F. 145). Inductive logic is still considered useful but cannot lead to necessary conclusions like in deductive reasoning. Inductive logic deals with probability, and is used to support factual, empirical claims. Inductive logic is then weaker than deductive logic however still hold some truth to them. Some forms of inductive logic are: argument from the past experience, argument by analogy, and argument by inductive generalization. These forms all deal with probability and should be tested before it is taken as fact, however one must be aware of the fallacious reasoning disguised as valid logic. â€Å"Informal logical fallacies are designed to persuade us emotionally and psychologically, not rationally† (Falikowski, Anthony F. 156). These arguments are often used by seats of power in attempt to allude a group of individuals. These forms of fallacies may be seen as forms of intimidation in hopes to divert attention from the real issues. Some of the more common informal logical fallacies are: ad hominem fallacy where you attack the person and not the issue. Straw man fallacy is where one person misrepresents the arguments of the person deliberately building a false person. Begging the question fallacy where the premise depends on the conclusion and vice versa. Other informal fallacies are two wrongs, slippery slope appealing to authority, red herring, and guilt by association. Only through understanding the informal fallacies can we deduct what we can take for truth. Logic is very prevalent today and proves quite useful on a daily basis. Through studying and familiarizing ourselves with logic we will be able to advance in society just as it has been done in the past. Logic helps us to see the truth in statements and allows us to be free from the vales of illusions. The current media and even the politics of today constantly deliberately mislead the general population and through logic we can test the validity of these arguments. Just as Socrates asked questions and sought the truth in the world we should do the same in hopes to benefit not only ourselves but our society as a whole. Works Cited Drakos, Nikos, and Ross Moore. Logic and Mathematics. Logic and Mathematics. PennState, 29 Jan. 2006. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. http://www.math.psu.edu/simpson/papers/philmath/. Falikowski, Anthony F. Experiencing Philosophy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004. Print. King, Peter, and Stewart Shapiro. THE HISTORY OF LOGIC. Http://individual.utoronto.ca. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, 1995. Web. http://individual.utoronto.ca/pking/miscellaneous/history-of-logic.pdf.

Malaysian People And Culture

Malaysian People And Culture There has been a rich literature on issues pertaining to domestic crisis involving different ethnic groups. According to the history of many countries with diverse ethnic compositions, racial or ethnic crisis has been inevitable. Malaysia as a country with diverse ethnic and religious groups is not resistant to this situation. In order to understand the culture of Malaysia, its ethnic classification needs to be well understood. In view of this, there is a need to peruse the different characteristics of the different groups to have an in-depth knowledge on the role culture play in the Malaysian coexistence. Research Question This study will basically attempt to find answers to the following research questions stated below: Does culture play any role in the Malaysian society? Is the government encouraging unity among the people? Significance of the study This paper will provide an insight on how the people of Malaysia live together in peace despite their different ideological beliefs. Objective of the study Globally, a growing number of countries are attempting to find a lasting solution to the ethnic and religious crisis. Generally, this paper attempts to explore the historical background of the Malaysian people and the role of their cultural heritage in the present day Malaysia. Scope of the study As a result of time constraint, this research paper is restricted to library based and the resources used are textbooks, journal articles and internet information. Keywords: Orang Asli: (original people), Babas and Nyonyas: (some of the indigenous people that married to the Malays and have combine their culture with theirs), Perankans: (born in Malaysia Chinese). Historical Background: Several dominant themes in Malaysian history are essential to understand the contemporary Malaysian society. Malaysia with an area of 329 750 sq km (127,317 sq mi), comprises of two non adjacent areas: Peninsular Malaysia (previously West Malaysia), on the mainland of Asia, and two states which is Sarawak and Sabah, recognized jointly as East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. Relatively, Malaysia has large area compared to the state of New Mexico. Peninsular Malaysia, project southward from the mainland of Asia, comprises an area of 131,587 sq km (50,806 sq mi), lengthen 748 km (465 mi) SSE-NNW and 322 km (200 mi) ENE-WSW. It shares the border with Thailand on the North, and East by the South China Sea, on the South is the Strait of Johore, and on the West is the Strait of Malacca and the Andaman Sea, with a total boundary length of 2,068 km (1,285 mi). Sarawak, covers an area of 124,449 sq km (48,050 sq mi), on the northwest coast of Borneo, lengthen 679 km (422 mi) NNE-SSW and 254 km (158 mi) ESE-WNW. It is surrounded by Brunei on the N, Sabah on the NE, Indonesia on the E and S, and the South China Sea on the W. Sarawaks boundary length of 2,621 km (1,629 mi). which is located at the northern end of Borneo, Sabah with an area of 74,398 sq km (28,725 sq mi), a length of 412 km (256 mi) E-W and a width of 328 km (204 mi) N S . The Balabac Strait at the N, Sulu Sea at the NE, to the SE is the Celebes Sea, to the S Indonesia, to the SW Sarawak, and to the W the South China Sea, with a total boundary length of 2,008 km (1,248 mi). The total boundary length of Malaysia is 7,344 km (4,563 mi), of which 4,675 km (2,905 mi) is coastline. Malaysias population was estimated at 27 730 000 in 2008  [1]  . The country has ethnic groups with the majority groups comprise of Malay. Of the total population, 5.44 million Malaysians live in East Malaysia and 21.2 live in Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian population continues to grow at a rate of 2.4% per annum; about 34% of the population is under age of 15. Malays and other Bumiputera groups make up 65% of the population, Chinese 26%, Indians 8% and other unlisted ethnic groups 1%  [2]  . Malaysia got its independence from the British colonial Masters in 1957. It formally came into being on September 16, 1963. The Environment and people of Malaysia was subsequently established in this year. The Federation of Malaysia comprises of the long peninsular land mass which separates the Indian Ocean from the South China Sea, together with the northern quarter of Borneo but excludes the small state Brunei. Peninsular Malaysia covering 131 573 square kilometer (sq km), is made up of eleven states; Perlis, Kedah, Penang, Perak, Selangor (with the Federal Capital Territory of Kuala Lumpur), Melaka, Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan. At 795sq km, Perlis is the smallest state, while Pahang (35 694sq km) is the largest after Sarawak. The island of Singapore, which was part of Malaysia between 1963 and 1965, is now independent. The Borneo territories, Sabah( formerly British North Borneo), Sarawak, and the federal territory of the island of Labuan, together cove r roughly 198 000 sq km, but are separated at the closest point from the peninsula by over 530 kilometres (km). Kota Kinabalu (previously Jesselton), the capital of Sabah, is 864 km from kuching (Sarawaks capital) and more than 1600km from Kuala Lumpur. The terrain of both the peninsula and Borneo is characterized by coastal plains giving way to a rugged mountainous interior. The spine of the peninsula is the main Range, running roughly north-south for 483km and varying from 914 meters to 2134 meters (m) above sea level. Both peninsular Malaysia and the Borneo states lie between 2 and 6 north of the equator. The climate is uniformly ranging from 25.5 to 33, except at high altitude where the nights are considerably cooler. The passing of the seasons is not marked by variations in temperature but by the changes in rainfall, which in turn are related to the cycle of the monsoonal winds. Throughout most Malaysia, the rainfall averages from 2000 milliliters (mm) to 4000mm per annum, but there are many variations between different regions. There is no truly dry season but some region may be considered wetter than others. Although Malaysian soil is not really fertile but heavy rainfall and warm temperatures provide almost perfect conditions for growth of the equatorial forests. Most of the original forests have now been removed to make way for settlement, roads, communication, and the development of commercial agriculture and industries. Similarly, some jungle areas have been substantially reduced by heavy logging over the last two decades, especially Sabah and Sarawak. The varied composition of Malaysias population remains one of its most distinguishing features. The dominant ethnic group in Malaysia is the Malays, who are above half per cent of Peninsular Malaysias population. The category of Bumiputera in Peninsular Malaysia include other numerically small but historically important indigenous groups known as orang Asli (son/ daughter of the soil). Among the peninsulas non-indigenous population, includes a range of different groups such as; Arabs, Armenians, Eurasians, Filipinos and many others. The main communities are the Chinese and the Indian. The Chinese and Indian are mainly descendant of migrant who arrived to work in the colonial economy. The national language which is Malay has been the most important means of linking the nation together. English is widely use in schools as a medium of instruction but Malay remains the official language and also use as medium of instruction especially in government-owned schools. Other commonly spoken languages include; Mandarin by Chinese and Tamil by the Indians and numerous regional languages. The match of religion and cultural traditions within Malaysian society is complex. Several religions co-exist in Malaysia, helping to accentuate regional and ethnic distinctions. The spread of Islam was predominantly for Malays and as such the countrys religion is Islam, and all Malays are by right, Muslims. The historical extension of Islam within the present day Malaysia helps to account for the dichotomy between Malays, Chinese, and Indian. The divisions within the Malaysians in term of religious belief have been so pronounced during the Sultanate era. Some Indigenous groups have adopted Islam or Christianity while some significant numbers retained their ingenious religions. Some Chinese are Muslims, but majority are Bhudist, Confucianist or combination of these. Malaysia and Singapore are the only two countries in Southeast Asia that have held elections at regular intervals since they became independent. The head of the state is called (yang dipertuan agung) which is among the sultans of the Peninsular states. Malaysia as a federation, granted the Borneo territories special right when they joined. Malaysia has successfully maintained co-operation and harmony among its different communities despite their disturbing racial and ethnic violence. In terms of literacy, in 2009, Malaysias literacy rate was estimated at 91.9% on average with higher rate for women than men  [3]  . Malaysian government provides government supported education with compulsory attendance for primary education  [4]  . The education system consists of pre-school which is basically provided by private bodies, while primary, secondary, pre-university and tertiary education are provided by both government and private bodies. Introduction: Malaysia is unique in the community of nations in its combination of diverse people and culture who live in harmony and has become a model to many communities. With independence, the state acquires the distinct characteristic of a multi-ethnic citizenry with many shared experiences and collective memories of living in a land that was once ruled by Britain (Keong, 2007). Culture and ethnicity provide vital information that is very pertinent to understand the setting and way of life of a particular society. Culture and its significant role in human behavior has been recognized for many years, as far back as Hippocrates from the classical Greek era (see Dona, 1991). A culture is the name given to the physical manifestations created by ethnic groups- the actual language, art forms, religion, social order and achievements of a particular ethnic group. Culture and ethnicity are directly dependent upon each other in a symbolic relationship (Betancourt and Lopez, 1993). Culture is essential to set up an order and regulation in the society. It does not only a mean the way people communicate, but also creates a feeling of belonging and togetherness amongst people in the society. Every society has various cultures, where a specific language, traditions, behaviors, perceptions and beliefs is shared among the people. Culture provides them an identity that makes them distinctive and different from people of other cultures. When people of different cultures migrate and settle in a new society, the culture of that society turn out to be the dominant culture and folks of the immigrants form the subculture of the community. Usually, people who settle in other nations take in the new culture; while at the same time struggle to conserve their own. Even though every society has a definite culture, there are certain basics of culture that are universal. The physical features and geographic location of past and current of Malaysia influenced how the people of the region live and contribute to the way they interact with each other. This applies equally to events at the local as well as the national level which tends to explain why some features of Malaysian culture continue to be significant and been maintained. This paper will examine the race, culture, religion, and various ethnic adaptations of the Malaysians as a whole. The discussion will survey decades of Malaysia multi-ethnicity prior to independence. The aborigines (Orang Asli) and people of the nation who vary based on the area and part of Malaysia they come will also be discussed. The focus of this paper will be on the pioneering spirit of the Malays and the settlers (Chinese and Indian) towards progress of the country. The rest of this paper is structured as follows. Part A explains about people of Malaysia, while Part Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.discusses the various indigenous tribes, Part C à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..Discusses the main three ethnic group and Part D discusses socio-cultural and the role of govermentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.concludes the paper. People of Malaysia: There are about 27million (2008 est.) people in Malaysia from various background. It can be said that in diversity there is union because in Malaysia all the races; ethnic Malays, and Indigenous people (son of the soil) Indian as well as Chinese, Eurasians and many others work and live together in harmony. In pre-modern times, environment and mode of lifestyle had a great deal of influence on the kind of social organization that shaped the way individuals relate to each other, such a small population dependent on mobility might be expected to have different convections concerning marriage, child-rearing inheritance and so on. It is possible to see a set of shared beliefs common to the religious system of many of the groups indigenous to Malaysian territories. Among these is the understanding that all matter has its own spiritual essence and that well being and harmony results from their correct matching. Indigenous People: One useful way of trying to understand the relationship between the diverse groups of indigenous peoples of the Malay Peninsula is to compare types of social organization and the lifestyle. When this is done, socio-cultural pattern can be recognized such as; Malay, Senoi, Semang and Malayic (Hooker, 2003). Malay Pattern: In contemporary Malaysia, the religion of Islam is followed by more than half of Malaysians population. Islam being a religion of adoption has developed in the Malaysian territories as elsewhere in the world but less extreme. Malay language is part of the very large group known as Austronesian, whose speakers stretch from the pacific to Madagascar. Senoi Pattern: People of this pattern mainly depend on swidden (fell and burn) farming supplemented by trading. This way of life is found mainly in the mountain areas of the central part of the Peninsula. People following this socio-cultural pattern include the Temiars, Semais, Jah Hut and Btsis. There are many variations in religious system among these peoples. It is thought that spirit inhabit natural sites and have to be appeased before entering their domains.. They can ward off evil spirits and to find lost souls by seeking aid from their spirit familiars. The Semang Pattern: This lifestyle is based largely on foraging (hunting and gathering). On the peninsula, small populations still follow this pattern to some degree: Kintas, Jahais and so on. Their religious belief in general is similar to those of the Senoi parttern discussed earlier. Malayic Pattern: This is followed by people who combine subsistence farming or fishing with collecting of forest or marine product for trade. People with this style combine the Senoi and Semang pattern.. They are found in lowland areas of the Peninsula and south Sumathra, and the island in the strait Malaka. Culture of Malaysians: Malaysias ancient cultural mosaic is marked by many different cultures; one of the common is the ancient Malay culture and the culture of its two prominent trading partners through out history (Chinese and Indian). MALAYS CULTURE: Malays have been found as far as Africa. They are the majority race in Malaysia, comprising of more than half per cent of Malaysias population. Malays are Muslim, born of a Malay father and native speaker of Malay language. They are also called Bumiputera (the native people). Malays adopted the Arabic writing system and indigenized it and renamed it as Jawi. The Terengganu stone, which described the obedience to Allah and His law, is thought to be the oldest Malay text in Arabic script dating back to the 14th century. Malay subjects have the divine duty never to be disloyal to their rulers, even if they behave unfairly or are unjust to them. In this system, the ruler is subject only to God. Malays are considered very gentle, due to their warmth, dignity and politeness. This attitude and inherited beliefs from their rulers enabled Malays to be accommodating and which obviously reflects in the way their country is being governed. This approach and way of life has enabled them to progress more than expected when compared with other countries that they got independence in the same period. Malaysian Chinese Culture: Chinese are the second largest ethnic group, most descendent immigrant during 19th century. Different dialect are spoken such as; Hokkies which is mainly spoken in the northern part of Penang. Cantonese in Kuala Lumpur there are other dialects like Teochew and other small dialect. Mandarin is widely used in the southern state. Malaysia Chinese culture are drawn from the culture of their ancestors Taiosm, Confuism, embedded in this culture are core values that are compatible with those advocate by various religions and societies. These values are derived from the teaching and philosophy of Confuism and many others by blending with element from local culture thus; Chinese culture has produced features that are uniquely Malaysia. The Chinese traded with Malays for centuries then settled in numbers during 19th century when word of richness in the Nyayang ore south seas spread across china, the Chinese are regarded as businessmen of Malaysia. Most Chinese are Tao, Budhist and retain stron g ties to their ancestral homeland (Keong, 2007). Malaysian Indian Culture: Indian is the smallest of the three major groups, of these Malaysia ethnic group population most are from Tamil speaking south India who fled a poor economy and migrated to Malaysia during colonial times. Arriving in Malaysia many worked as rubber tappers, while others build infrastructure. They brought with them Hindu and Sikh culture, unique temples, spicy cuisines, colourful garment, ornament and many others. Indian had been visiting Malaysia for many years without settling until the19th century. Hindu tradition remains strong until today in the Indian community of Malaysia. There is also the chitty community in Malacca similar to the Babas and Nyonyas, it is the result of the assimilation between the Indian immigrants and local culture. Though they remain Hindu, the chitties speak Bahasa Malaysia and their women dress in Sarong Kebayas instead of Sarees. However, other Indian Hindus retain their vernacular languages and dialects  [5]  . Eurasians: This group is classified as others. After Malacca was conquered by the Portuguese, in the year 1511, in order to gain control, Portuguese soldiers marriage with local women was encouraged. Descendants of the cross-cultural marriages in the 19th and 20th century are equally indicative of their English or Dutch heritage. Malacca was at one point in time a Dutch colony. During British colonial rule, many bright students that were handpicked was given scholarships (e.g. Rhodes) to tertiary institution in the United Kingdom, Europe, and Australia, on their return to serve the government, they brought back not only the education, but also their British European culture. Peranakans: The Peranakans were first well-known when Chinese trade missions established port in Malacca in the early 1400s. Inter-relationship and marriages were faked between these traders and the local Malay women; example of this was the marriage of a sultan of Malacca to Ming Princess Hang Li Poh. She came in company of some people that settled around what is known in Malacca today as Bukit China. Subsequent descendant of these Chinese-Malays were known as Straits Chinese, or Peranakan (means born here in Malay). Those who embraced Islam were also classified as bumiputeras. Even though Malacca was the Peranakan centre, their communities can also be found in Singapore and Penang. The man is referred to as baba, while the lady is referred to as nyonya. The combination of this is known as babanyonya which they combine the best of Malay and Chinese favorites among many locals and visitors alike. Malaysia for foreigners: People visiting Malaysia today will be mesmerized by the multi-culturalism of the country, composing of Malays, Chinese, Indians and Eurasians, and as well as the indigenous communities in the likes of the Kadazandusuns of Sabah and the Iban of Sarawak. Based on population statistics, Malaysias population stands at around 29 million today, with about 85% living in Peninsular Malaysia, and about 15% in both Sabah and Sarawak. Conclusion: Malaysia is one the young states that gained independence in the post-war era, as a country it traces its genesis to British colonial rule which expanded incrementally from 1786. Since 1963, Malaysia has been a country of three major geographical components that has now led to unique identity as a multi-ethnic country. The country has become the acknowledge form of organization by which its form of government with its legitimate right of sovereignty over the Malaysians is being nurtured by shared commonalities and collective effort of its entire inhabitant. It is very clear that one of the most important objectives of any society is to realize greater justice in the society. Despite the different historical background and religious beliefs of Malaysians, the people have been able to accept one another, adapting to the cultural differences and tolerating individual religious beliefs. In support of this, the Malaysian government has also embarked on a mission of lumping together the mosaic of people of regardless of their cultural background, religion, language and other attributes (Slogan: Satu Malaysia). This approach to equality of the citizenry will go a long way to bring peace and harmony to the country and subsequently, cooperation and prosperity becomes achievable.

History of Puerto Rico and Spanish Rule :: Hispanic History Historical Essays

History of Puerto Rico and Spanish Rule The history of Puerto Rico under Spanish rule is one of European exploitation of non white peoples for the purpose of economic gain. The ‘discovery’ made by Columbus in 1492 had a great impact on the highly competitive countries in Europe who saw, in lands like Puerto Rico, the possibility of prosperity and advancement. More than hoping to spread their influence or religion, Europeans wanted to take advantage of the lands and resources which seemed unused. Actually the lands were being used quite successfully, but in unfamiliar ways which did not concern many Europeans. With little regard for the native people, Europe began conquering the eastern hemisphere in the name of colonization. Areas which had only known one race for centuries were flooded with people from all over the world seeking money and status. As the stakes grew, and select people and countries heavily prospered off their colonies, ethical and moral restraint declined. The result was a world filled wit h a diverse group of races, extreme distinctions in class differences, and mixing of culture. This was the case for Puerto Rico, which was just as much affected by colonialism as other areas, but has certain qualities which make the Puerto Rican identity unique. After conquering Puerto Rico in 1508 Juan Ponce de Leon looked for a labor supply which he could use to produce riches for Spain and himself. He attempted to force the native Tainos into hard labor and plantation life, but could keep them neither controlled or stationary. Many Tainos escaped enslavement or other forms of forced labor for two reasons (Figueroa, Sept. 24). First Tainos were historically a mobile culture, which roamed the land intentionally before the Spanish made it a necessity. Second, the hinterlands, the rough mountainous interior of Puerto Rico, was easily accessible and navigable to Tainos, but extremely difficult for the Spanish. Thus, Whites were unsuccessful in their attempts to bind natives to the land because the Tainos were able to strategically move away from their persecution. In their attempt to escape class persecution a subculture was formed in Puerto Rico. Many Puerto Ricans turned towards artistic means of expression, represented by the jibaro, because this was one area the Spanish could not restrict (Figueroa, Sept. 17). The result was the â€Å"total expression of the life of the spirit† through language in all of its forms (Valle Antilles, 95).

Progress or Alienation :: Technology Scientific Technological Essays

Progress or Alienation Our society has alienated itself far from the reality of the way things are and the way they should be, through the use and misuse of scientific knowledge and technology. Science is defined as, â€Å"a logical organized method of obtaining information through direct, systematic observation.† Sometimes science does not seem organized, in fact it seems like it opens us up to a different realm of possibilities that have consequences far beyond our wildest dreams. Scientific knowledge is something that sometimes cannot be controlled or monitored, but needs to be for the sake of the greater population. Those with the most power, for example political leaders and corporation giants, are often allowed privileged information that could jeopardize the safety of all of us. Now whether or not this information is taken in good faith, or for the almighty dollar doesn’t mean its right, nor does it mean that we should not explore scientific possibilities. Science stimulates our minds and forces us to use critical thinking and analysis based on our previous knowledge. Not all scientific information is wrong or incurs consequences, but like all data there is a right and a wrong way to distribute it. Scientific progress on the other hand is what has helped out society gain the knowledge and insight to live better lives through the advances in medical technology, the strategy of war, and the exploration of space. Not all scientific knowledge is misused, and it’s only brought to our attention when it has been. When this occurs people often question the validity of scientific work which leads to criticism. Some scientific progress will bring with it disruptive change in our society, but with change comes progress and the hope that we can better our lives. In the two stories I will present in this paper, Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein† and Catherine Asaro’s â€Å"The Veiled Web,† they discuss the negative consequences of the actions from people who try and offer good insight to the scientific community and the general population. In both stories, two men take it upon themselves to manipulate science for the good of mankind. Both believe that good will come from their actions but neither consider the consequences of failure. The men in these stories are intent on their work and do not realize that others will turn it against them for destructive purposes. In â€Å"Frankensteinâ€Å", Victor Frankenstein realizes the destructiveness of his behavior, when it’s too late, and regrets it immensely.

Absolute Time Essay

Instructions (Q 7-Q 16): Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. â€Å"Life is not just party and pleasure; it is also pain and despair. Unthinkable things happen. Sometimes everything turns upside down. Bad things happen to good people. Some things are beyond control, such as physical disability and birth defects. We cannot choose our parents or the circumstances of our birth. So if the ball bounced that way, sorry. But what do we do from here; cry or take the ball and run? That is a choice we have to make. On a clear day, there are hundreds of boats sailing in all different directions in a lake. How come? Even though the wind is blowing in one direction, the sailboats are going in different directions. What is the difference? It depends on the way the sail is set, and that is determined by the sailor. The same is true of our lives. We can’t choose the direction of the wind, but we can choose how we set the sail. We can choose our attitude even though we cannot always choose our circumstances. The choice is either to act like a victor or a victim. It is not our position but our disposition that determines our destiny. It takes both rain and sunshine to create a rainbow. Our lives are no different. There is happiness and sorrow. There is the good and the bad; dark and bright spots. If we can handle adversity, it only strengthens us. We cannot control all the events that happen in our lives, but we can control how we deal with them. Richard Blechnyden wanted to promote Indian tea at the St. Louis World fair in 1904. It was very hot and no one wanted to sample his tea. Blechnyden saw that all the other iced drinks were doing flourishing business. It dawned on him to make his tea into an iced drink, mix in sugar and sell it. He did and people loved it. That was the introduction of iced tea to the world. When things go wrong, as they sometimes will, we can react responsibly or resentfully. Human beings are not like an action which has no choice. An action cannot decide whether to become a giant tree or to become food for the squirrels. Human beings have choices. If nature gives us a lemon, we have a choice: either cry or make lemonade. † 7. â€Å"We cannot choose our parents or the circumstances of our birth† – by this statement what does the author mean? (a) Some things do not take place according to our choice (b) There are certain things in which we do not have any reach (c) Some things in this world are pre-determined. (d) All of the above Ans. (d) 8. By what the author tells us that choice is ours? (a) We can cry (b) We can take the ball and run away (c) We can either cry or can take the ball and run away (d) None of the above Ans. (c) 9. The opposite of the word ‘victor’? (a) Loser (b) Winner (c) Victim (d) Warrior Ans. (a) 10. What determines our destiny? (a) The way that we normally think and behave, that shows what type of person we are (d) The position we hold (c) Our being a winner (d) All of the above Ans. (a) 11. The best title for the above passage could be – (a) Right Choice (b) Pre-determination. (c) Choices defines our lives (d) Life is all about making the right choices Ans. (d) 12. According to the author, what still can be chosen if not everything in life? (a) Circumstances (b) Attitude (c) direction of life (d) None of these Ans. (b) 13. On what has the author emphasized? (a) Destiny (b) Choice (c) Action (d) All of these Ans. (b) 14. By the example of Blechnyden’s Iced Tea which message does the author give? (a) Choice is ours (b) Destiny is pre-determined (c) We have fix actions; we can not do beyond that (d) None of the above Ans. (a) 15. What does actually strengthen us? (a) Making choices (b) Handling adversity (c) Determining destiny (d) Working beyond capacity Ans. (b) 16. The synonym of ‘flourishing’ is – (a) Spoiling (b) Drowning (c) Booming (d) Hiding Ans. (c) 17. During a 5-day festival, the number of visitors tripled each day. If the festival opened on a Thursday with 345 visitors, what was the attendance on that Sunday? (a) 345 (b)1,035 (c)1,725 (d) 9,315 Ans. (d) 18. Which of the following has the least value? (a) 0. 27 (b) 1/4 (c) 3/8 (d) 11% Ans. (d) 19. Which year did the same number of boys and girls attend the conference? (a) 1995 (b) 1996 (c) 1997. (d) 1998 Ans. (a) 20. Which two years did the least number of boys attend the convention? (a) 1995 and 1996 (b) 1995 and 1998 (c) 1996 and 1997 (d) 1997 and 1994 Ans. (a) 21. Examine the following three statements : 1. Proceesed meat is a perishable food 2. All perishable foods are packed in sealed tins 3. Sealed tins sometimes to do not contains processed meat Which one of the following inferences can be drawn from the above statements? (a) Sealed tins always contain perishable food (b) Processed meat is sometimes not packed in sealed tins (c) Proceessed meat is always packed in seald tins. (d) Non-Perishable foods are never packed in seald tins Ans. (c) 22. Production of Rice and Wheat (In millions of Tonnes)| | Year| Rice| Wheat| Percentage of Wheat to Rice| 1950-51| 20. 58| 6. 46| 31. 4| 1960-61| 34. 58| 11. 00| 31. 8| 1970-71| 42. 22| 23. 83| 56. 4| 1980-81| 53. 63| 36. 31| 67. 7| 1990-91| 74. 29| 55. 14| 74. 2| 1994-95| 81. 81| 65. 77| 80. 4| 1995-96| 79. 62| 62. 62| 78. 6| The above table indicates the performance in India in rice and wheat production from 1950-51 to 1995-96. Which of the following conclusions arrived at from the above table would be valid? 1. Record production of rice as well as wheat has been in 1994-95 2. The ratio of wheat to rice production seems to have steadily increased over 16 years 3. Wheat has not been popular among the Indian population before 1980. 4. India became self-sufficient in rice and wheat only after 1990. Select the correct answer using the codes given below Codes: (a) 1 and 2 (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (c) 3 and 4 (d) None Ans. (a) 23. A father left a will of Rs. 35 lakhs between his two daughters aged 8. 5 and 16 such that they may get equal amounts when each of them reach the age of 21 years. The original amount of Rs. 35 lakhs has been instructed to be invested at 10% p. a. simple interest. How much did the elder daughter get at the time of the will? (a) Rs. 17. 5 lakhs (b) Rs. 21 lakhs (c) Rs. 15 lakhs (d) Rs. 20 lakhs Ans. (b) 24. What will Rs. 1500 amount to in three years if it is invested in 20% p. a. compound interest, interest being compounded annually? (a) 2400 (b) 2592 (c) 2678 (d) 2540 Ans. (b) 25. What is the area of the largest triangle that can be fitted into a rectangle of length aâ‚ ¬? laâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ units and width aâ‚ ¬? waâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ units? (a) lw/3 (b) (2lw)/3 (c) (3lw)/4. (d) (lw)/2 Ans. (d) 26. Which of the following is inCorrect? (a) An incentre is a point where the angle bisectors meet. (b) The median of any side of a triangle bisects the side at right angle. (c) The point at which the three altitudes of a triangle meet is the orthocentre (d) The point at which the three perpendicular bisectors meet is the centre of the circumcircle. Ans. (b) 27. How long will it take for a sum of money to grow from Rs. 1250 to Rs. 10,000, if it is invested at 12. 5% p. a simple interest? (a) 8 years (b) 64 years (c) 72 years (d) 56 years Ans. (d) 28. Rs. 5887 is divided between Shyam and Ram, such that Shyamaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s share at the end of 9 years is equal to Ramaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s share at the end of 11 years, compounded annually at the rate of 5%. Find the share of Shyam. (a) 2088 (b) 2000 (c) 3087 (d) None of these Ans. (c) Directions (Q 28-Q 32): Study the following information carefully to answer these questions. Eight members A, B, C, 0, E, F, G and H belonging to three families X, Y, Z go for weekend outing in three different cars I, II, III. Four out of the eight members are females. Members of any one family travel in different cars. Each car has at least one male and one female member. Each family has at least two members. A belongs to family Y and he travels in car III. D is wife of E and they travel in cars I and II respectively. H is son of B, who is wife ofG, and they belong to family Z. C is daughter of F, who is wife of A. C travels in car II. G does not travel with F. 29. Which of the following groups of persons travels in car I? (a) 0, F,G (b) D,E,G (c) D,G, H (d) D, F, H Ans. (d) 30. Which of the following members of families Y and Z travel in different cars? (a) F,G (b) C,G (c) F,H (d) None of these. Ans. (a) 31. Which of the following groups of persons is a group of all females? (a) B,D,G (b) A,B,C (c) B,E,F (d) None of these Ans. (d) 32. Which of the following members of families X and Y travel in the same car? (a) C,F (b) D,F (c) C,0 (d) F, E Ans. (b) 33. When a student weighing 45 kgs left a class, the average weight of the remaining 59 students increased by 200g. What is the average weight of the remaining 59 students? (a) 57 kgs (b) 56. 8 kgs (c) 58. 2 kgs (d) 52. 2 kgs Ans. (a) 34. Three math classes: X, Y, and Z, take an algebra test. The average score in class X is 83. The average score in class Y is 76. The average score in class Z is 85. The average score of all students in classes X and Y together is 79. The average score of all students in classes Y and Z together is 81. What is the average for all the three classes? (a) 81 (b) 81. 5 (c) 82 (d) 84. 5 Ans. (b) 35. The average of 5 quantities is 10 and the average of 3 of them is 9. What is the average of the remaining 2? (a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 11. 5 (d) 12. 5 Ans. (c) 36. A stairway 10ft high is such that each step accounts for half a foot upward and one-foot forward. What distance will an ant travel if it starts from ground level to reach the top of the stairway? (a) 30 ft (b) 33 ft (c) 10 ft (d) 29 ft Ans. (d) 37. Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 120 degrees greater than each exterior angle. How many sides are there in the polygon? (a) 6 (b) 8 (c)12 (d) 3 Ans. (c) 38. A and B are two points with the co-ordinates (-2, 0) and (0, 5). What is the length of the diagonal AC if AB form one of the sides of the square ABCD? (a) units (b) units (c) units (d) units Ans. (b) 39. The average weight of a class of 24 students is 36 years. When the weight of the teacher is also included, the average weight increases by 1kg. What is the weight of the teacher? (a) 60 kgs (b) 61 kgs (c) 37 kgs (d) None of these Ans. (b) 40. The average of 5 quantities is 10 and the average of 3 of them is 9. What is the average of the remaining 2? (a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 11. 5 (d) 12. 5 Ans. (c) Instruction (Q. 40-Q 43): Four question given below are based on the following information. Answer the questions after reading the information carefully. (i) Nine friends A, B,C, D, E, F, G, H, and I are sitting on a bench in the classroom. (ii) ‘C’ who is at immediate right of ‘D’ is third to the right of ‘E’. (iii) ‘B’ is at one end. (iv) ‘H’ is nearest neighbour of ‘F’ and ‘G’ (v) ‘F’ is third to the left of ‘B’ (vi) ‘A’ is at immediate left of ‘F’ 41. Which of the following statement is correct on the basis of above order of sitting? (a) D and H Have three people sitting between them. (b) ‘B’ is fourth to the right of F. (c) ‘I’ is at immediate left of A. (d) E and C are Neighbours. Ans. (a) 42. Which of the following groups of friends is sitting at the left of ‘C’? (a) BIG (b) AFH (c) EID (d) BAG Ans. (c) 43. Which of the following is at the other end i. e. other that that end on which ‘B’ is sitting? (a) G (b) H (c) I (d) E Ans. (d) 44. Who is sitting exactly in the middle of the bench? (a) H (b) C (c) A (d) G Ans. (c) 45. A 400 meter long train crosses and 800 meter long platform in 1 min 20 sec. What is the speed of the train? (a) 48 km/hr (b) 60 km/hr (c) 72 km/hr (d) 54 km/hr Ans. (d) 46. If the root of equation px2 + qx +r = 0 is double of the other root, which one the following is correct? (a) 2 q2 = 9 pr (b) 2 q2 = 9 (c) 4 q2 = 9 r (d) 9 q2 = 2 pr Ans. (a) 47. A takes 4 days and B takes 5 days to finish a job. If both of them work together on the same job, what proportion of the work is done by A? (a) 4/9 (b) 5/9 (c) 6/9. (d) 7/9 Ans. (b) 48. The 3rd term of a Geometric progression is 36 and its 6th term is 288. Its 8th term will be: (a) 784 (b) 576 (c) 1152 (d) 2302 Ans. (c) 49. In a two digit number, the sum of the digits is 8. If 54 is subtracted from this number, its digits interchange themselves. What is the product of the digits of the number? (a) 7 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 0 Ans. (a) 50. The difference between simple interest and compound interest on certain amount for 2 years at the same rate of interest is Rs. 18. If the rate doubled, what will be the difference? (a) Rs. 9 (b) Rs. 36 (c) Rs. 72 (d) Rs. 27 Ans. (c) 51. A dog is tied to a pole by a long chain. Keeping the chain fully stretched, the dog moves along a circular path covering 132 m, subtends an angle of 90 degree at the centre, Neglecting the portion of the chain used in typing, find the length of the chain. (a) 70 m (b) 78 m (c) 84 m (d) 88 m Ans. (c) 52. A merchant buys same quantities of two types of toys – one at the rate of 3 toys for Rs. 10 and the other, at the rate of 5 toys for Rs. 20. At what price he must sell all the toys so that he has no profit and no loss in the transaction? (a) 8 toys for Rs. 30 (b) 3 toys for Rs. 11 (c) 5 toys for Rs. 18. (d) 8 toys for Rs. 22 Ans. (b) 53. Find the equation of a line whose intercepts are twice of the line 3x – 2y – 12 = 0 (a) 3x – 2y = 24 (b) 2x – 3y = 12 (c) 2x – 3y = 24 (d) None of these Ans. (a) 54. The difference between the compound interest and the simple interest on a certain sum at 12% p. a. for two years is Rs. 90. What will be the value of the amount at the end of 3 years? (a) 9000 (b) 6250 (c) 8530. 80 (d) 8780. 80 Ans. (d) 55. Vijay invested Rs. 50,000 partly at 10% and partly at 15%. His total income after a year was Rs. 7000. How much did heinvest at the rate of 10%? (a) Rs. 40,000 (b) Rs. 40,000. (c) Rs. 12,000 (d) Rs. 20,000 Ans. (b) 56. The average weight of a class of 24 students is 36 years. When the weight of the teacher is also included, the average weight increases by 1kg. What is the weight of the teacher? (a) 60 kgs (b) 61 kgs (c) 37 kgs (d) None of these Ans. (b) Instructions for the following Question: Read the following information to answer the question given below. The following conditions have been decided for the selection of Research Assistants. The candidate must: (i) Be less than 35 years of age. (ii) Be graduate in Psychology, Education or Commerce or Postgraduate in any other subject. (iii) Secure 50% marks in entrance examination. (iv) Secure A or O grade in Interview. (v) Have passed a certificate course in Methodology Research. (vi) Have recommendation of any one lecturer. If a candidate fulfills all the conditions, except (a) (i), but if he is registered for Ph. D. , his case is to be kept in waiting list. (b) (iii), but if he has secured 45% marks in entrance examination and O grade in interview, his case is to be referred to the Dean. (c) (v), but if he has qualified certificate course in Statistics, his case is to be referred to the Head Of Department. You have to decide in each of the following cases that what is the possibility of selection of the candidate? If the information is not sufficient to take any decision then your answer will be ‘data inadequate’. This information has been given to you as on 15. 12. 1996. 57. Raman has secured 60% marks in graduation with commerce subject. He has got specialization in certificate course in Methodology Research and he also has the recommendation from the lecturer under whom he is registered for Ph. D. His date of birth is 9. 12. 61. He has secured 68% marks in entrance examination and got A grade in interview. (a) Will not be selected. (b) Data inadequate (c) Will be selected. (d) Will be kept in waiting List. Ans. (d) 58. ’ means ‘–’; ‘–’ means ‘x’; ‘x’ means ‘+’ and ‘+’If ‘ 80 – 40 + 20 = ? ’, then 40 ? 120 means ‘ (a) 80 (b) 120 (c) 60 (d) 0 Ans: (d) 59. A businessman makes a profit of 20% on the sale of leather. If he were to add 10% artificial matter to the leather, by what percent would his profit increase? (a) 25% (b) 60% (c) 40% (d) 45% Ans. (b) 60. In a team, eight boys play Chess. The remaining boys, who represent 7 times the square root of the strength of the tem, play Mouth organ. What is the strength of the team? (a) 36 (b) 16 (c) 64 (d) 100 Ans. (c) 61. Cost price of 15 Computers is equal to the selling price of 20 Computers, then the loss percent would be (a) 25% (b) 20% (c) 30% (d) 45% Ans. (a) 62. How many natural numbers between 1 and 900 are not multiples of any of the numbers 2, 3, or 5? (a) 240 (b) 250 (c) 270 (d) 300 Ans. (a) 63. The age of a man is three times the sum of the ages of his two sons. Five years hence, his age will be double of the sum of the ages of his sons. The father’s present age is (a) 40 years (b) 45 years (c) 50 years (d) 55 years. Ans. (b) Instruction (Q 62-Q 63): In the two questions given below, a statement followed by two arguments I and II has been given. You have to decide which argument is strong and which one is weak? Give your answer as: (a) If only argument I is strong; (b) If only agreement II is strong; (c) If neither argument I nor argument II is strong; (d) If both argument I and argument II are strong. 64. Statement: Should freelance work programme be stopped at private companies? Argument: I. Yes, the mutual interaction of the employee and office environment helps in overall quality of work. II. No, such demand comes from that group only who don’t have any idea of work loads and pressure. Ans. (d) 65. Statement: Should usage of pesticides in agriculture be banned in India? Agriculture be banned in India? Arguments: I. Yes, because pesticides pollute the environment and are also harmful for the ecology. II. No, the safety of crops is not possible without these and food products will become very expensive due to lack of food production. Ans. (d) 66. If the numbers representing volume and surface area of a cube are equal, then the length of the edge of the cube in terms of the unit of measurement will be (a) 3. (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 Ans. (d) 67. In a group of travelling in a bus, 6 persons can speak Tamil, 15 can speak Hindi and 6 can speak Gujrati. In that group none can speak any other language. If 2 persons in the group can speak two languages and one person can speak all the three languages, then how many persons are there in the group? (a) 21 (b) 22 (c) 23 (d) 24 Ans. (d) 68. A boat which has a speed of 5 km/hr in still water crosses a river of width 1 km along the shortest possible path in 15 minutes. The velocity of the river water in km/hr is (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) v41 Ans. (a) 69. When three coins are tossed together the probability that all coins have the same face up, is (a) 1/3 (b) 1/6 (c) 1/8 (d) 1/12 Ans. (c) Directions (Q 68-Q 72):,Study the following arrangement carefully and answer the questions given below: H93P$KE%4FR I U@WG2MI5BQZ6 ©*N&8VJ 70. If all the symbols and numbers are dropped from the above arrangement, which of the following will be the fourteenth from the right end? (a) M (b) K (c) W (d) E Ans. (d) 71. What should come in place of the question mark (? ) in the following series based on the above arrangement? _PK% RUW M5Q ? (a)  ©N8. (b)  ©N15 (c) 15*15 (d) 6*8 Ans. (a) 72. How many such numbers are there in the above arrangement each of which is immediately preceded by a letter and immediately followed by a symbol? (a) None (b) One (c) Two (d) Three Ans. (b) 73. Which of the following is the seventh-to the left of the twentieth from the left end of the above arrangement? (a) U (b)S (c)M (d)N Ans. (a) 74. How many such consonants are there in the above arrangement each of which is immediately followed by a number but not immediately preceded by a number? (a) None (b) One (c) Two (d) More than three Ans. (d) 75. Left pan of faulty weighs 100gram more than is right pan. A shopkeeper keeps the weight measure in the left pan while buying goods but keeps it in the right pan while selling his goods. He uses only 1kg weight measure. If he sells his goods at the listed cost price, What is his gain? (a) 200/11% (b) 100/11% (c) 1000/9% (d) 200/9% Ans. (a) 76. Societies have been increasing in complexity from folk to industrial. Under this circumstances, according to you social control is more likely to be invested in – (a) family (b) school (c) state (d) religious structures Ans. (c). Instructions (Q 77-Q 86): Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. â€Å"The big difference between the ideas of Aristotle and those of Galileo and Newton is that Aristotle believed in a preferred state of rest, which any body would take up if it were not driven by some force or impulse. In particular, he thought that the earth was at rest. But it follows from Newton’s laws that there is no unique standard of rest. One could equally well say that body A was at rest and body B was moving at constant speed with respect to body A, or that body B was at rest and body A was moving. For example, if one sets aside for a moment the rotation of the earth and its orbit round the sun, one could say that the earth was at rest and that a train on it was travelling north at ninety miles per hour or that the train was at rest and the earth was moving south at ninety miles per hour. If one carried out experiments with moving bodies on the train, all Newton’s laws would still hold. For instance, playing Ping-pong on the train, one would find that the ball obeyed Newton’s laws just like a ball on a table by the track. So there is no way to tell whether it is the train or the earth that is moving. The lack of an absolute standard of rest meant that one could not determine whether two events that took place at different times occurred in the same position in space. For example, suppose our Ping-Pong ball on the train bounces straight up and down. Hitting the table twice on the same spot one second apart. To someone on the track, the two bounces would seem to take place about forty meters apart, because the train wood have traveled that far down the track between the bounces. The nonexistence of absolute rest therefore meant that one could not give an event an absolute position in space, as Aristotle had believed. The position of events and the distance between them would be different far a person of the train and one on he track, and there would be no reason to prefer one person’s position to the other’s. Newton was very worried by this lack of absolute position, or absolute space, as it was called, because it did not accord with his idea of an absolute God. In fact, he refused to accept lack of absolute space, even though it was implied by his laws. He was severely criticized for this irrational belief by many people, most notably by Bishop Berkeley, a philosopher who believed that all material objects and space and time are an illusion. When the famous Dr. Johnson was told of Brekeley’s opinion, he cried, â€Å"I refute it thus! † and stubbed his toe on a large stone. Both Aristotle and Newton believed in absolute time. That is, they believed that one could unambiguously measure the interval of time between two events, and that this time would be the same whoever measured it, provided they used a good clock. Time was completely separate from and independent of space. This is what most people would take to be the commonsense view. However, we have had to change our ideas about space and time. Although our apparently commonsense nations work well when dealing with things like apples, or planets that travels comparatively slowly, they don’t work at all things moving at or near the speed of light. † 77. Consider the following statements: 1. Newton is a firm beliver of both absolute time and a preferred state of rest 2. Aristotle believer in absolute time 3. Newton believes in absolute time 4. Galileo believes in a preferred state of rest (a) 1 Only (b) 1 & 2 (c) 2 & 3 (d) 1, 2, 3 & 4 Ans. (c) 78. According to the author, what is the need of space? 1. To set an absolute standard of rest 2. To determine rest and motion. 3. To determiner whether two events taking place at the same time takes place in the same space also 4. To determine the defference between time and space (a) 1 & 2 (b) 1, 2 & 3 (c) 3 & 4 (d) 1, 2, 3 & 4 Ans. (c) 79. According to Aristotle- (a) Position of events and distances between them an different (b) Space is nonexistent (c) All nonexistent bodies have absolute rest (d) None of the above Ans. (a) 80. From the passage what can we infer? (a) There is no rest (b) There is rest (c) There is absolute rest (d) There is no absolute rest Ans. (d) 81. What seems contradictory in Newton’s laws? (a) Newton’s concept of Absolute God. (b) Concept of Absolute space (c) Concept of rest (d) None of these Ans. (b) 82. Who discards material objects and space and time? (a) Newton (b) Aristotle (c) Barkeley (d) Galileo Ans. (c) 83. Consider the following statements according to the information provided in paragraph three? (a) On Barkeleys opinion, Dr. Johnson had no remarks (b) Dr. Johnson criticized Barkeley vehemently (c) Dr. Johnson accepted Barkeley’s view (d) Dr. Johnson was indifferent Ans. (b) 84. â€Å"The interval of time between two events can be measured unambiguously. †-this implies- (a) Absolute space (b) Absolute time (c) Both Absolute time and absolute space (d). Neither absolute time non absolute space Ans. (b) 85. The term â€Å"unambiguous† means? (a) Clean and proper (b) Perfect (c) Confusing or not difined (d) Well difined Ans. (c) 86. What does the author openion in the passage? (a) Time is completely separated and independent from space (b) Time and space and interdependent (c) Time is dependent on space and not vice-versa (d) Space is dependment on time and vice-versa Ans. (a) 87. A sum of money invested for a certain number of years at 8% p. a. simple interest grows to Rs. 180. The same sum of money invested for the same number of years at 4% p. a.simple interest grows to Rs. 120 only. For how many years was the sum invested? (a) 25 years (b) 40 years (c) 33 years and 4 months (d) Cannot be determined Ans. (a) 88. How long will it take for a sum of money to grow from Rs. 1250 to Rs. 10,000, if it is invested at 12. 5% p. a simple interest? (a) 8 years (b) 64 years (c) 72 years (d) 56 years Ans. (d) 89. Rs. 5887 is divided between Shyam and Ram, such that Shyamaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s share at the end of 9 years is equal to Ramaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s share at the end of 11 years, compounded annually at the rate of 5%. Find the share of Shyam. (a) 2088 (b) 2000 (c) 3087 (d) None of these Ans. (c) 90. An equilateral triangular plate is to be cut in to n number of identical small equilateral triangular plates. Which of the following can be possible value of n? (a) 196 (b) 216 (c) 256 (d) 296 Ans. (c) 91. Find the area of the sector covered by the hour hand after it has moved through 3 hours and the length of the hour hand is 7cm. (a) 1. 77 sq. cm (b) 2. 38. 5 sq. cm (c) 3. 35 sq. cm (d) 4. 70 sq. cm Ans. (b) 92. Left pan of faulty weighs 100gram more than is right pan. A shopkeeper keeps the weight measure in the left pan while buying goods but keeps it in the right pan while selling his goods. He uses only 1kg weight measure. If he sells his goods at the listed cost price, What is his gain? (a) 200/11% (b) 100/11% (c) 1000/9% (d) 200/9% Ans. (a) 93. Societies have been increasing in complexity from folk to industrial. Under this circumstances, according to you social control is more likely to be invested in – (a) family (b) school (c) state (d) religious structures Ans. (c) 94. Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 120 degrees greater than each exterior angle. How many sides are there in the polygon? (a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 3 Ans. (c) 95. In the following question, the student’s clinical judgement is assessed: A 28 year old woman with one child has taken anti-thyroid drugs for 6 months for thyrotoxicosis. She has a friend who has been successfully treated with radioiodine. She finds she frequently forgets to take her drugs and wants to stop them to have radio-iodine treatment. 1. She should be told that because of her age radio-iodine is best avoided. 2. The problems associated with radio-iodine should be discussed with her. 3. Surgery as a possible alternative should be discussed with her. 4. She should be advised that some form of further treatment is required. 5. You should find out more about her friend’s treatment. (a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 & 4 (c) 1 & 5 (d) 1, 2 & 3 Ans. (b) 96. In a certain store, the profit is 320% of the cost. If the cost increases by 25% but the selling price remains constant, approximately what percentage of the selling price is the profit? (a) 30% (b) 70% (c) 100% (d) 250% Ans. (b) Directions for the following questions from Question No 97 to Question No 100: The following passage in this section is followed by questions based on the content of the reading passage. Read the passage carefully and chose the best answer to each question below. â€Å"But man is not destined to vanish. He can be killed, but he cannot be destroyed, because his soul is deathless and his spirit is irrepressible. Therefore, though the situation seems dark in the context of the confrontation between the superpowers, the silver lining is provided by amazing phenomenon that the very nations which have spent incalculable resources and energy for the production of deadly weapons are desperately trying to find out how they might never be used. They threaten each other, intimidate each other and go to the brink, but before the total hour arrives they withdraw from the brink. † 97. What is the synonym of the word, confrontation? (a) Being face to face (b) Involving in a clash (c) Fair relationship (d) None of the above Ans: (a) 98. What is the crux of the passage? (a) Man’s soul and spirit can not be destroyed by superpowers. (b) Man’s soul and spirit are immortal. (c)Man’s safety is assured by the delicate balance of power in terms of nuclear weapons. (d) Human society will survive despite the serious threat of total annihilation. Ans : (d) 99. The phrase ‘Go to the brink’ in the passage means – (a) Retreating from extreme danger. (b) Declare war on each other. (c) Advancing to the stage of war but not engaging in it. (d) Commit suicide. Ans : (c) 100. What is the author’s opinion? (a) Nations in possession of huge stockpiles of lethal weapons are trying hard to avoid actual conflict. (b) Huge stockpiles of destructive weapons have so far saved mankind from a catastrophe. (c) Mankind is heading towards complete destruction. —